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I will let others point to specific approvals, but in the context of cholera (which kills c100,000 people every year) the adverse health effects of chloramine, sodium hypochlorite & calcium hypochlorite are negligible.

When used correctly, I am unaware of any adverse short term health effects. Long term, if there are problems with the source water, combined with over-dosing, disinfection byproducts may slightly increase the chances of contracting cancer. Compare the threat of death tomorrow by diarrhoea, vs a slight increased chance of death in 40 years time by cancer...

'Filters' is a very broad category. Many membrane filters (tight microfiltration filters, ultrafiltration, nano filtration) will exclude cholera (although microfiltration would still allow viruses to pass), and other filtration methods may reduce probability of cholera passing (more so following coagulation).

However, there is a risk that the water becomes infected after filtration - particularly in the context of a cholera outbreak. As such it would be prudent to maintain a disinfectant residual (an ongoing concentration of chlorine-based disinfectant) even following household filtration.