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Hand hygiene:

1. Even where there is a piped water supply, the tap handle represents a possible path of infection. Where there are known to be particularly dangerous pathogens in a population (e.g. Ebola), a ball valve whose arm is held up by a bungee cord and is pulled down by a treadle board is good technology.
2. Where there is no piped supply, I recommend Tippy Tap (www.tippytap.org). Construction manuals in several languages at www.tippytap.org/build-a-tippy-tap-manual. I suggest a relatively long treadle board to keep feet clear of splashes.

Hand hygiene:

1. Even where there is a piped water supply, the tap handle represents a possible path of infection. Where there are known to be particularly dangerous pathogens in a population (e.g. Ebola), a ball valve whose arm is held up by a bungee cord and is pulled down by a treadle board is good technology.

2. Where there is no piped supply, I recommend Tippy Tap (www.tippytap.org). Construction manuals in several languages at www.tippytap.org/build-a-tippy-tap-manual. here. I suggest a relatively long treadle board to keep feet clear of splashes.